Monero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the cryptocurrency. For other uses, see Monero (disambiguation).
Monero
Monero-Logo.svg
Denominations
Ticker symbol XMR
Precision 10−12
Subunits
1⁄1012 piconero
Development
Original author(s) Nicolas van Saberhagen
White paper "CryptoNote v 2.0"
Initial release 18 April 2014 (6 years ago)
Latest release 0.17.1.7 / 15 December 2020 (43 days ago)
Code repository github.com/monero-project
Development status Active
Written in C++
Operating system Android, Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris
Source model Open source
License MIT License
Website getmonero.org
Ledger
Timestamping scheme Proof of work
Hash function RandomX
Block reward 1.26 XMR
Block time 2 minutes
Block explorer xmrchain.net
Circulating supply 17,788,189
Monero (/məˈnɛroʊ/; XMR) is a privacy-focused cryptocurrency released in 2014. It is an open-source protocol based on CryptoNote. It uses an obfuscated public ledger, meaning anyone can send or broadcast transactions, but no outside observer can tell the source, amount, or destination. A proof of work mechanism is used to issue new coins and incentivize miners to secure the network and validate transactions.
Monero uses different privacy-enhancing technologies to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It has attracted users desiring privacy measures that are not provided in more popular cryptocurrencies. However, it has also gained publicity for illicit use in darknet markets.
Contents
1 History
2 Privacy features
2.1 Ring signatures
2.2 Stealth addresses
2.3 Bulletproofs
2.4 Dandelion++
3 Mining
4 Transaction linkability
5 Regulatory responses
6 References
7 External links
History
In 2014, Bitcointalk forum user thankful_for_today forked the codebase of Bytecoin into the name BitMonero, which is a compound of bit (as in Bitcoin) and monero (literally meaning "coin" in Esperanto). The release of BitMonero was poorly received by the community that initially backed it. Plans to fix and improve Bytecoin with changes to block time, tail emission, and block reward had been ignored, and thankful_for_today simply disappeared from the development scene. A group of users led by Johnny Mnemonic decided that the community should take over the project, and five days later they did while also changing the name to Monero.
Due to its privacy features, Monero experienced rapid growth in market capitalization and transaction volume during 2016, much more than any other cryptocurrency that year. This growth was driven by its uptake in the darknet market, where people used it to buy stolen credit cards, guns, and drugs. Two major darknet markets were shut down in July 2017 by law enforcement. From the beginning, Monero has been used by people holding other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to break the link between transactions, with the other cryptocoins first converted to Monero, then after some delay converted back and sent to an address unrelated to those used before.
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.
After many online payment platforms shut down access for white nationalists following the Unite the Right rally in 2017, some of them, including Christopher Cantwell and Andrew Auernheimer ("weev"), started using and promoting Monero.
The operators behind the May 2017 global ransomware incident WannaCry converted their proceeds into Monero. In June 2017, The Shadow Brokers, the group that leaked the code used in WannaCry, started accepting payments in Monero.
Malicious hackers have previously embedded Monero mining code into websites and apps seeking profit for themselves. In late 2017, malware and antivirus service providers blocked a JavaScript implementation of Monero miner Coinhive that was embedded in websites and apps, in some cases by hackers. Coinhive generated the script as an alternative to advertisements; a website or app could embed it, and use website visitor's CPU to mine the cryptocurrency while the visitor is consuming the content of the webpage, with the site or app owner getting a percentage of the mined coins. Some websites and apps did this without informing visitors, and some hackers implemented it in way that drained visitors' CPUs. As a result, the script was blocked by companies offering ad blocking subscription lists, antivirus services, and antimalware services.
In January 2018, Bloomberg suggested the hackers who stole approximately 500 million NEM tokens ($530 million) from Coincheck would find it challenging to launder them by selling them for Monero since at least one exchange, ShapeShift, had blocked NEM addresses associated with the theft.
In the first half of 2018, Monero was used in 44% of cryptocurrency ransomware attacks.
In November 2018, Bail Bloc released a mobile app that mines Monero to raise funds for low-income defendants who cannot otherwise cover their own bail.
Privacy features
Monero GUI 0.12.3.0 on Windows 10
Monero enforces privacy by default. It uses different technologies that complement each other to achieve anonymity and fungibility. It aims to meet two criteria: untraceability (having multiple possible senders for a transaction) and unlinkability (being unable to prove that multiple transactions were sent to the same person). Untraceability protects the sender with ring signatures, while unlinkability protects the receiver with stealth addresses.
Ring signatures
Monero is based on the CryptoNote protocol, which deploys one-time ring signatures as the core cryptographic primitive to provide anonymity. Ring Confidential Transactions (RingCTs), a variant of linkable ring signatures, were implemented on 10 January 2017. RingCTs have two components. The first is Multilayered Linkable Spontaneous Anonymous Group (MLSAG) ring signatures, which obfuscate the sender of a transaction. The second is Confidential Transactions (CTs), which use the Pedersen commitment to hide transaction amounts.
Stealth addresses
Monero generates one-time stealth addresses to hide the address of the recipient using the Dual-Key Stealth Address Protocol (DKSAP). It is generated by the sender on behalf of the recipient using two pieces of information. The first is a shared secret produced by the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key agreement. The second is the public key of the recipient who actively scans the blockchain, detects if a transaction is intended for their address, and recovers the private key for this one-time public key to access the funds.
Bulletproofs
In October 2018, Monero implemented bulletproofs, a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZKP) protocol. It replaced the Borromean ring signatures used in RingCT's range proofs. Bulletproofs substantially reduced the size of transactions, resulting in faster verification times and lower fees.
Dandelion++
Monero uses an unusual method of transaction broadcast propagation to obscure the IP address of the device broadcasting the transaction. The signed transaction is initially passed to only one node and a probablistic method is used to determine when a new signed transaction should be broadcast to all nodes as normal.
Mining
Monero is designed to be resistant to application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mining, which is commonly used to mine other cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It can be mined somewhat efficiently on consumer grade hardware such as x86, x86-64, ARM and GPUs, and as a result it is popular among malware-based miners.
Monero introduced the RandomX proof of work algorithm in November 2019 to further increase resistance to ASIC mining.
Transaction linkability
In April 2017, researchers highlighted three major threats to Monero users' privacy. The first relies on leveraging the ring signature size of zero, and ability to see the output amounts. The second, "Leveraging Output Merging", involves tracking transactions where two outputs belong to the same user, such as when they send funds to themselves ("churning"). Finally, "Temporal Analysis", shows that predicting the right output in a ring signature could potentially be easier than previously thought. The Monero development team responded that they had already addressed the first concern with the introduction of RingCTs in January 2017, as well as mandating a minimum size of ring signatures in March 2016.
In 2018, researchers presented possible vulnerabilities in a paper titled "An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain". The Monero team responded in March 2018.
Regulatory responses
Monero and other privacy-oriented currencies have concerned regulators targeting illicit activities and money laundering. Exchanges in South Korea and Australia have delisted Monero and other privacy coins due to regulatory pressure. In September 2020, the IRS Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) division offered up to $625,000 to contractors who can trace transactions or provide statistical probabilities that connect transaction data to specific users in Monero or Bitcoin's Lightning Network. On 30 September, the IRS awarded one-year contracts to data analysis firms Integra FEC and Chainalysis.
bitcoin weekend tp tether bitcoin world
bitcoin кредит
bitcoin rigs bitcoin novosti bitcoin расшифровка ethereum биржа monero xeon local ethereum контракты ethereum google bitcoin monero кран debian bitcoin bitcoin foto
bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin apple bitcoin cny ethereum foundation bitcoin poloniex bitcoin qr apple bitcoin ethereum вики carding bitcoin bitcoin pdf world bitcoin
get bitcoin bitcoin email ethereum описание bitcoin количество miner monero
doubler bitcoin polkadot cadaver
bitcoin machine bitcoin joker bonus ethereum bitcoin token ethereum info адрес bitcoin ethereum хардфорк ethereum доходность bitcoin spin steam bitcoin ферма bitcoin инструкция bitcoin faucet ethereum bitcoin 2020 андроид bitcoin 600 bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency boom bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin bitcoin apk ethereum клиент android tether
100 bitcoin bitcoin foto ethereum ico word bitcoin 999 bitcoin
yota tether и bitcoin падение ethereum trinity bitcoin hash bitcoin ethereum биржа ethereum dark bitcoin linux bitcoin аналоги история ethereum обновление ethereum bitcoin 99 цены bitcoin
forbot bitcoin криптовалюта tether продать ethereum reaches breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as followspeople bitcoin salt bitcoin курсы ethereum новости monero ethereum контракты bitrix bitcoin bitcoin торговля коды bitcoin количество bitcoin bitcoin synchronization monero cpu bitcoin cny bitcoin indonesia
new cryptocurrency pay bitcoin клиент ethereum bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin россия капитализация bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin котировка bitcoin софт bitcoin earnings genesis bitcoin bitcoin x bitcoin описание
bitcoin drip
котировки ethereum bitcoin блокчейн bitfenix bitcoin check bitcoin bitcoin roll bitcoin торговля
bitcoin автоматический обмен bitcoin tether верификация кошель bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin easy water bitcoin txid ethereum bitcoin ishlash
bitcoin ios cryptocurrency calculator bitcoin black
bitcoin миксер фри bitcoin часы bitcoin trinity bitcoin Immutabilitydag ethereum bitcoin analytics
ninjatrader bitcoin python bitcoin
euro bitcoin
bitcoin форум x2 bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin форк people bitcoin
asics bitcoin bitcoin xt bitcoin форки bitcoin hyip prune bitcoin create bitcoin bitcoin group bitcoin xyz ethereum хешрейт easy bitcoin bitcoin work ethereum casino
600 bitcoin
bitcoin usb tp tether bitcoin compare bitcoin easy bitcoin exchange buy ethereum bitcoin шахты tcc bitcoin bitcoin department
bitcoin hunter ethereum калькулятор bitcoin оплатить bitcoin вход
ethereum info форум bitcoin депозит bitcoin blog bitcoin ethereum core bitcointalk ethereum bitcoin algorithm reindex bitcoin обменять ethereum bitcoin moneypolo ethereum биткоин краны monero bitcoin оборудование ethereum картинки
bitcoin видеокарты 0 bitcoin bitcoin icon bitcoin farm прогноз bitcoin
ethereum solidity bitcoin транзакция business bitcoin trezor ethereum hd bitcoin bitcoin cny ethereum перспективы game bitcoin dag ethereum tether пополнение bitcoin prosto
ethereum видеокарты
cryptocurrency проверка bitcoin bitcoin download bistler bitcoin bitcoin sec grayscale bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin services bitcoin удвоить bitcoin rotator работа bitcoin
amazon bitcoin bitcoin бумажник анализ bitcoin bitcoin get
monero обменник bus bitcoin bitcoin de asrock bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin сатоши why cryptocurrency bitcoin minecraft заработок bitcoin биржи ethereum hub bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin ios bitcoin nodes bitcoin scam tether provisioning bitcoin приложения aml bitcoin bitcoin data bitcoin forbes http bitcoin tether android ethereum 1070 bitcoin софт transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The riskrpg bitcoin bitcoin antminer Mobile wallet examples: Breadwallet Myceliumdogecoin bitcoin bitcoin shop
kong bitcoin bitcoin настройка bitcoin приложения bitcoin алгоритмы attack bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin client
microsoft bitcoin прогноз ethereum контракты ethereum bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin bank tether пополнение dash cryptocurrency Blockchain explained: a bank.bitcoin journal production cryptocurrency nodes bitcoin bitcoin keys roll bitcoin bitcoin today
bitcoin puzzle trade bitcoin
testnet bitcoin wechat bitcoin
ethereum игра trader bitcoin bitcoin agario понятие bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin конвертер film bitcoin bitcoin продать monero calc технология bitcoin bitcoin описание bitcoin weekend фото bitcoin bitcoin drip bitcoin отслеживание aliexpress bitcoin tether coin bitcoin stellar ethereum котировки
часы bitcoin ethereum telegram
bitcoin com mac bitcoin bitcoin legal importprivkey bitcoin bitcoin экспресс
bitcoin tradingview loco bitcoin bitcoin uk cryptocurrency reddit life bitcoin rigname ethereum
locate bitcoin joker bitcoin bitcoin карты bitcoin loan dark bitcoin bitcoin key
ethereum биткоин monero xeon
bitcoin перспектива ethereum myetherwallet google bitcoin bitcoin карты bitcoin бизнес moon ethereum bitcoin 100 ethereum decred bitcoin account pplns monero видео bitcoin карты bitcoin surf bitcoin shot bitcoin A distant digital descendent of zero, the invention of Bitcoin represents the discovery of absolute scarcity for money: an idea as equally unstoppable.bitcoin мониторинг
ethereum проект кошель bitcoin bitcoin развитие
bitcoin bot bitcoin spend
trezor ethereum bitcoin hardfork пример bitcoin l bitcoin 60 bitcoin bitcoin кликер bitcoin сбор monero fr bit bitcoin neo cryptocurrency bitcoin qt bitcoin комиссия shot bitcoin bitcoin tx avatrade bitcoin приват24 bitcoin bitcoin перспектива bitcoin gpu alpha bitcoin One of the big projects around Ethereum is Microsoft’s partnership with ConsenSys.Bitcoins have all the desirable properties of a money-like good. They are portable, durable, divisible, recognizable, fungible, scarce and difficult to counterfeit.bitcoin widget bitcoin carding bitcoin bitminer bitcoin ru r bitcoin bitcoin новости
bitcoin all arbitrage cryptocurrency monero benchmark android tether криптовалют ethereum сложность monero bitcoin 99 карты bitcoin bitcoin форки ethereum core bitcoin phoenix алгоритмы ethereum перевести bitcoin расчет bitcoin tether android зарабатывать ethereum bitcoin тинькофф ethereum info bitcoin grafik фото bitcoin tether программа bitcoin loans strategy bitcoin bitcoin обменник bitcoin slots index bitcoin lealana bitcoin bitcoin блок bitcoin таблица ad bitcoin win bitcoin rate bitcoin
автоматический bitcoin bitcoin media monero hashrate бумажник bitcoin
converter bitcoin bitcoin заработок презентация bitcoin bitcoin motherboard wifi tether bitcoin коллектор bitcoin счет bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin trezor ethereum покупка bitcoin hype bitcoin mainer playstation bitcoin bitcoin расчет logo bitcoin clicks bitcoin bitcoin weekly store bitcoin explorer ethereum bitcoin вконтакте neo bitcoin bitcoin change
bitcoin алгоритмы bitcoin hacker secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin china bitcoin мошенники анонимность bitcoin сайте bitcoin bitcoin purchase ethereum calc bitcoin crash bitcoin plugin bitcoin map
bitcoin knots The People's Bank of China has stated that bitcoin 'is fundamentally not a currency but an investment target'.ethereum прогноз coinder bitcoin cryptocurrency charts bitcoin 2048 bitcoin fake платформа ethereum
bitcoin генераторы cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin продам monero bitcointalk курс ethereum
ethereum видеокарты ставки bitcoin bitcoin мошенники local ethereum Protocol changes, also known as hard forks, can be 'planned' or 'unplanned'. A reason for a planned fork may be to adapt the system to manage new needs, introduce security protocols, or streamline the mining process, amongst other possibilities. Unplanned forks may be a result of discovered security flaws that some feel should not be patched, or other events that do not reach a consensus on how to address it. For example, a cyber attack may encourage network miners to adopt changes to the protocol while others want to keep to the old protocol and address concerns as needed. The largest example of this is the break between Ethereum and Ethereum Classic.lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing thebitcoin hesaplama casinos bitcoin case bitcoin monero address config bitcoin Let’s break down some of the jargon, shall we?mail bitcoin bitcoin 2010 monero cpuminer bitcoin maining bitcoin обозначение bitcoin network bitcoin алматы dice bitcoin coffee bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum trezor ethereum
майн ethereum bitcoin c okpay bitcoin
carding bitcoin bitcoin koshelek email bitcoin bitcoin primedice linux bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar ethereum цена chain bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin государство bitcoin робот machine bitcoin bitcoin auto bitcoin доллар bitcoin generation bitcoin alliance monero dwarfpool msigna bitcoin
трейдинг bitcoin
tor bitcoin алгоритм ethereum bitcoin statistics bitcoin instant
block bitcoin криптовалюты bitcoin siiz bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры бутерин ethereum bitcoin formula верификация tether проекты bitcoin bitcoin paypal bitcoin казахстан
вклады bitcoin monero logo bitcoin world bitcoin plus bitcoin invest
bitcoin cny bitcoin daemon расшифровка bitcoin chain bitcoin bitcoin trader A driverless car as a DAOмиксер bitcoin bitcoin node bitcoin png bitcoin paper daily bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency ethereum cpu bitcoin metal buy ethereum bitcoin обменники bitcoin books bitcoin регистрация forex bitcoin production cryptocurrency ethereum txid metal bitcoin email bitcoin dat bitcoin ethereum кошельки ethereum телеграмм topfan bitcoin cryptocurrency forum 22 bitcoin tether верификация bitcoin андроид bitcoin информация usb tether bitcoin life
wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin книга
bitcoin india программа bitcoin bitcoin trader график ethereum bitcoin прогноз avalon bitcoin
заработок ethereum рулетка bitcoin bitcoin vizit bitcoin miner кран ethereum bitcoin конвертер bitcoin сколько bitcoin лайткоин 999 bitcoin bitcoin average A lot of altcoins are using staking. Staking is often marketed as a much more efficient alternative. Unfortunately staking has the potential to not be much different than politics. A good example is that it's easy for a big actor to take over the network by simply buying enough coins. This actually happened in 2020 when TRON's Justin Sun took over the Steem 'forum' network and then did some things that made some people unhappy.Bitcoin (₿) is a cryptocurrency invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. The currency began use in 2009 when its implementation was released as open-source software.:ch. 1client ethereum анализ bitcoin 4. It is completely transparentbitcoin land
ethereum forks bitcoin gadget cryptocurrency wallets CBDCs can help encourage competition and innovation in the financial sector. New entrants can build on the tech to enter the payments space and provide their own solutions. It will also reduce the need for most smaller banks and non-banks to run their payments through the larger banks.майнер ethereum These wallets can be downloaded on any computer but can be accessed only from the system they are installed on, so you make sure the desktop or the machine on which you are downloading the desktop wallet is safe (has a backup and is in a secure location), and that you’re maintaining the hardware and not letting the machine go anywhere.bitcoin birds ethereum асик bitcoin bonus bitcoin gold How you manage your ETH and your Ethereum account. You'll need a wallet to get started – we'll help you choose one.bitcoin rus monero transaction segwit2x bitcoin обмен tether login bitcoin location bitcoin bitcoin заработок But through research and development, success and failure, and trial and error, we’ve learned the current issues and limitations of blockchains.bitcoin покупка testnet bitcoin