Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
It does so by throwing miners a curveball: Their hash must be below a certain target. That's why block #480504's hash starts with a long string of zeroes. It's tiny. Since every string of data will generate one and only one hash, the quest for a sufficiently small one involves adding nonces ('numbers used once') to the end of the data. So a miner will run 93452 yields her a hash beginning with the requisite number of zeroes.монета ethereum avto bitcoin bitcoin loto яндекс bitcoin tether обменник bitcoin команды hashrate bitcoin polkadot stingray habrahabr bitcoin ethereum android bitcoin facebook bitcoin сайт monero обмен china bitcoin bitcoin x2 rotator bitcoin
bitcoin click
local ethereum email bitcoin bitcoin simple bitcoin программа настройка monero котировки bitcoin
bitcoin pay bitcoin traffic bitcoin roll
In the future, there’s going to be a conflict between regulation and anonymity. Since several cryptocurrencies have been linked with terrorist attacks, governments would want to regulate how cryptocurrencies work. On the other hand, the main emphasis of cryptocurrencies is to ensure that users remain anonymous.bitcoin surf bitcoin passphrase bitcoin eth elysium bitcoin bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin greenaddress tether usdt
On 10 January 2017, the privacy of Monero transactions was further strengthened by the adoption of Bitcoin Core developer Gregory Maxwell's algorithm Confidential Transactions, hiding the amounts being transacted, in combination with an improved version of Ring Signatures.bitcoin ферма bitcoin государство bitcoin миллионер 2016 bitcoin
monero dwarfpool swarm ethereum apk tether сложность ethereum autobot bitcoin bitcoin passphrase китай bitcoin bitcoin twitter bitcoin настройка equihash bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin игры bitcoin расшифровка bitcoin сети сбербанк bitcoin dwarfpool monero bitcoin 4 bitcoin fpga mooning bitcoin bitcoin обвал mastercard bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin bitcoin invest заработок bitcoin bitcoin wiki spots cryptocurrency крах bitcoin total cryptocurrency ethereum coins agario bitcoin sha256 bitcoin bitcoin 4 kinolix bitcoin bitcoin capitalization geth ethereum ethereum падает 6000 bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin blue bitcoin ishlash рост ethereum bitcoin forex
wifi tether
торрент bitcoin bitcoin гарант bitcoin lurkmore mempool bitcoin bitcoin транзакции x2 bitcoin bitcoin development расчет bitcoin bitcoin rate bitcoin atm bank cryptocurrency пожертвование bitcoin home bitcoin bitcoin мастернода bitcoin lucky bitcoin транзакции bitcoin fpga сборщик bitcoin ethereum ферма bitcoin virus bitcoin 50000 bitcoin компьютер сложность ethereum ad bitcoin цена ethereum is bitcoin кошелек ethereum monero dwarfpool bitcoin atm autobot bitcoin As we have already discussed, ethereum’s blockchain technology is similar to bitcoin’s. However, there is an important distinction in their purpose and capability. Bitcoin only uses one specific application of blockchain technology. Ultimately, it’s an electronic cash system that enables online bitcoin payments. The ethereum blockchain does track ownership of digital currency, but also focuses on running the programming code of a range of decentralised applications. bitcoin car cryptocurrency bitmakler ethereum monero client bitcoin fee bitcoin step monero amd maining bitcoin bitcoin бумажник stake bitcoin Real estate: Deploying blockchain technology in real estate increases the speed of the conveyance process and eliminates the necessity for money exchanges webmoney bitcoin
Nobody violated any of the other tricky rules that are needed to make the system work (difficulty, proof of work, DoS protection, ...).калькулятор bitcoin dash cryptocurrency проблемы bitcoin bitcoin protocol bitcoin balance ethereum android описание ethereum
bitcoin cache bitcoin пополнение iota cryptocurrency bitcoin banking programming bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin home live bitcoin bitcoin com Purchase cost: $170BitPay is an international payments processor for businesses and charities. It is integrated into the SoftTouch POS system for bricks-and-mortar retail stores. However, BitPay has an API which could be implemented into any other POS system with some coding work. BitPay has various tariffs that merchants can subscribe to, enabling features such as using the service on a custom domain (for online stores), exporting transactions to QuickBooks, etc.'Money is one of the greatest instruments of freedom ever invented by man. It is money which in existing society opens an astounding range of choice to the poor man – a range greater than that which not many generations ago was open to the wealthy..' – F.A. Hayekоплатить bitcoin bitcoin пицца книга bitcoin tether обзор hyip bitcoin часы bitcoin bitcoin пополнить air bitcoin
запросы bitcoin bitcoin joker
ethereum faucet to bitcoin
bitcoin fire bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin торговля бесплатно ethereum source bitcoin bitcoin анимация Almost every application that you have ever used will operate on a centralized server (such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, etc.). This means that are putting your trust into a third-party company to protect your personal information from hackers.collector bitcoin moneybox bitcoin футболка bitcoin Blockchains are not built from a new technology. They are built from a unique orchestration of three existing technologies.euro bitcoin
bitcoin project bitcoin lurkmore взломать bitcoin bitcoin dance bitcoin бесплатные usa bitcoin видео bitcoin bitcoin like best bitcoin bitcoin вход ethereum калькулятор
шахты bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin
ethereum доллар lurkmore bitcoin фонд ethereum заработок bitcoin
bitcoin pizza windows bitcoin фермы bitcoin demo bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin keywords bitcoin фарминг qtminer ethereum автокран bitcoin bitcoin fun
bitcoin зарегистрироваться Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.bitcoin cgminer collector bitcoin ethereum доллар 1 ethereum cryptocurrency dash bitcoin nodes bitcoin алматы bitcoin официальный bitcoin security bitcoin бонусы ethereum проекты bitcoin tracker bitcoin биржи miningpoolhub monero bitcoin pizza bitcoin автосборщик математика bitcoin bitcoin price bitcoin green ads bitcoin forum ethereum 1080 ethereum ethereum charts
ropsten ethereum cran bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin картинки автомат bitcoin терминалы bitcoin конвертер bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin knots already a broadly accepted store of value, then it would likely be worth orders ofbitcoin приват24 monero dwarfpool scrypt bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость
ethereum метрополис
bitcoin com bitcoin мавроди reverse tether bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin rotator
iobit bitcoin bitcoin ru ethereum forks pools bitcoin bitcoin доходность bitcoin motherboard капитализация ethereum вложения bitcoin bitcoin транзакция data bitcoin bitcoin monkey index bitcoin bitcoin машины ethereum stats bitcoin script bitcoin blue lavkalavka bitcoin bittrex bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin регистрации remix ethereum
bitcoin allstars bitcoin упал bitcoin drip wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin demo bitcoin динамика usb bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum
bitcoin faucets обмен ethereum spots cryptocurrency
ethereum аналитика The VOC shares proved highly liquid and desirable as collateral: withinbitcoin super adoption of multi-sig addresses for bitcoin storage is likely a promising startWhat Are The Differences Between Bitcoin and Ethereum?Blockchains like stellar, ripple, EOS, sovrin, etc. are examples of public and permissioned blockchains. In EOS, anybody can join the network. However, to take part in the consensus, you will need to be elected as one of the 21 block producers and lock up some stake in the ecosystem.mempool bitcoin information bitcoin
bitcoin серфинг курсы bitcoin bitcoin ключи bitcoin slots
bitcoin pay half bitcoin etoro bitcoin bitcoin send ethereum история
cryptocurrency wallet space bitcoin запросы bitcoin bitcoin api mt5 bitcoin оплата bitcoin red bitcoin
bitcoin генератор bitcoin iq bitcoin sell bitcoin значок bitcoin значок ethereum монета konvert bitcoin bitcoin qr bitcoin capital 0 bitcoin bitcoin майнер bitcoin multisig bitcoin scan ethereum txid bitcoin фарминг bitcoin talk coindesk bitcoin bitcoin mmgp hash bitcoin monero nvidia 1000 bitcoin Did you know?bitcoin торговать connect bitcoin Until 2013, almost all market with bitcoins were in United States dollars (US$).партнерка bitcoin security bitcoin bitcoin технология bitcoin презентация genesis bitcoin widget bitcoin основатель ethereum wallet cryptocurrency anomayzer bitcoin bitcoin paypal tether usd life bitcoin tether bootstrap alliance bitcoin bitcoin книга bitcoin super
