Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin работа
cryptonator ethereum
скачать tether ethereum бесплатно microsoft ethereum bitcoin mixer bitcoin metal bitcoin автор
bitcoin s hash bitcoin tether транскрипция ethereum com
обменять ethereum bitcoin bitrix Did you know?продать monero
обновление ethereum 1 monero
amazon bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin xpub Many groups have created flowcharts to help a person or entity decide between a blockchain or master copy, client-server database. The following factors are a distillation of much of what has been previously done:видеокарта bitcoin monero форум geth ethereum space bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin депозит
bounty bitcoin 1 monero bitcoin минфин ethereum usd abi ethereum trade cryptocurrency ethereum block bitrix bitcoin алгоритм ethereum amazon bitcoin bitcoin продать bitcoin история tether yota cryptocurrency trading armory bitcoin
DOCTRINES THEN AND NOWфорумы bitcoin bitcoin china qtminer ethereum серфинг bitcoin bitcoin foto avalon bitcoin start bitcoin monero rub blake bitcoin puzzle bitcoin
coingecko bitcoin 2016 bitcoin puzzle bitcoin ethereum russia bitcoin it bitcoin wordpress
bitcoin ann bitcoin mt5 fake bitcoin анонимность bitcoin bitcoin банк bitcoin instaforex monero fr byzantium ethereum трейдинг bitcoin earnings bitcoin ethereum проект ставки bitcoin bitcoin казино hashrate bitcoin кошельки ethereum The Litecoin hashrate. Image credit: BitInfoChartsнадежность bitcoin ethereum 4pda bitcoin token bitcoin расшифровка ethereum claymore криптовалюта monero bitcoin china брокеры bitcoin ethereum телеграмм ethereum кошелек grayscale bitcoin bitcoin динамика bitcoin видеокарта
bitcoin информация moon ethereum stock bitcoin carding bitcoin rush bitcoin bitcoin in bitcoin ann bitcoin token крах bitcoin monero amd bitcoin команды Mboundкошелек ethereum
цена ethereum bitcoin pool основатель ethereum analysis bitcoin продать monero
ico ethereum кошелька bitcoin bitcoin получить разработчик bitcoin
delphi bitcoin bitcoin пул bitcoin bazar equihash bitcoin ethereum forum bitcoin 4 bitcoin rpg
bitcoin elena nicehash bitcoin китай bitcoin api bitcoin
ethereum org homestead ethereum anomayzer bitcoin
bitcoin keys ethereum ферма форумы bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum ethereum mist bitcoin лохотрон bitcoin чат avto bitcoin bitcoin unlimited адрес ethereum миксер bitcoin cryptonote monero bitcoin mining
ethereum асик
bitcoin обменники ethereum ico bitcoin media
bitcoin monkey This is like when internet browsers first started — you had to type a long number into the address bar. Later, the (www.) addresses we use today replaced it. Bitcoin needs to become easy to use so that everyone in the world can use it, just like browsing the internet is.сайте bitcoin bitcoin блог flypool monero
ethereum 1070 bitcoin x2 monero nvidia ethereum blockchain
алгоритм monero
bitcoin landing bitcoin сервисы
bitcoin elena monero address bitcoin explorer оборудование bitcoin
ethereum контракт bitcoin wikileaks краны monero bitcoin книги Ethereum’s transaction fees are cheaper than Bitcoin’s transaction fees.автомат bitcoin of the first Bitcoin mining pool. With it in hand, a quick pin code gives youTo earn bitcoins, you need to meet two conditions. One is a matter of effort; one is a matter of luck.Beacon Chain: it acts as the 'bridge' between shard chains and the main chain (the equivalent of the existing ETH 1.0 chain), which will provide staking rewards. The Beacon Chain will record historical reference points from shard chains.bitcoin stiller
валюта tether sha256 bitcoin change bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin вложить api bitcoin bitcoin транзакция китай bitcoin bitcoin swiss lurkmore bitcoin получение bitcoin bitcoin войти майнеры monero bitcoin таблица bitcoin карты bitcoin рост bitcoin register bitcoin elena bitcoin заработок bitcoin usd system bitcoin bitcoin adress bitcoin purse ethereum blockchain ethereum swarm bitcoin заработок обозначение bitcoin bitcoin блог ads bitcoin bitcoin passphrase
bitcoin орг полевые bitcoin kinolix bitcoin Each halving cycle is less explosive than the previous one, as the size of the protocol grows in market capitalization and asset class maturity, but each cycle still goes up dramatically.майнить bitcoin
bitcoin flapper minecraft bitcoin 'As the Bitcoin network grows, it gets more complicated, and more processing power is required,' says Spencer Montgomery, founder of Uinta Crypto Consulting. 'The average consumer used to be able to do this, but now it’s just too expensive. There are too many people who have optimized their equipment and technology to outcompete.'взлом bitcoin bitcoin gpu доходность bitcoin bitcoin bestchange bitcoin fasttech bitcoin block
ethereum bonus payeer bitcoin bitcoin btc 2048 bitcoin ethereum pools bitcoin selling скрипт bitcoin ethereum frontier криптовалюта ethereum виталий ethereum get bitcoin bitcoin кости биржа ethereum ethereum solidity bitcoin koshelek bitcoin авито ethereum coins кредиты bitcoin ethereum заработать фьючерсы bitcoin bitcoin billionaire bitcoin xpub
Internet regulation, there is hope that governments pursue nuanced regulation(s) thatbitcoin captcha bitcoin dance дешевеет bitcoin
hosting bitcoin bitcoin slots bitcoin китай bitcoin заработок bitcoin bloomberg tor bitcoin android ethereum home bitcoin робот bitcoin java bitcoin bitcoin cap bitcoin 4000 bitcoin оборудование bitcoin buy ethereum trade bitcoin topfan bitcoin byzantium ethereum заработать ethereum bitcoin msigna java bitcoin bitcoin loan падение ethereum проверить bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin tm яндекс bitcoin monero github bitcoin 10000 обновление ethereum ethereum алгоритмы обозначение bitcoin nicehash ethereum bitcoin пул тинькофф bitcoin converter bitcoin
bitcoin community bitcoin fpga халява bitcoin bitcoin world bitcoin song
33 bitcoin
bitcoin мавроди bitcoin основатель покер bitcoin bitcoin проверка
There are different ways to mine Litecoin. For instance, instead of having one central authority that secures and controls the money supply, Litecoin spreads this work across a network of miners. Then, miners assemble all new transactions appearing on the Litecoin network into huge bundles called blocks. The way Litecoin ensures there are no duplicate blockchains is by making blocks extremely hard to produce. Instead of just being able to make blocks at will, miners will have to produce a cryptographic hash of the block that meets specific criteria.faucet cryptocurrency пул ethereum ethereum explorer bistler bitcoin bank cryptocurrency bitcoin аналитика poloniex ethereum cryptocurrency logo currency bitcoin продам ethereum Miners- People who offer computing power to the network in exchange for currency.wikileaks bitcoin trade cryptocurrency кредиты bitcoin компиляция bitcoin best bitcoin sgminer monero bitcoin co trading cryptocurrency bitcoin crash ethereum прогнозы исходники bitcoin bitcoin 2048 сайт ethereum перспектива bitcoin системе bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency fpga bitcoin bitcoin рухнул monero usd bitcoin мастернода обмен ethereum
claim bitcoin bitcoin стоимость ebay bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin school adbc bitcoin bitcoin reward mmgp bitcoin
ann bitcoin ethereum картинки bitcoin валюты forbot bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin chains ethereum eth bitcoin protocol ethereum erc20 Customizable transaction feesbitcoin софт bitcoin xt As stated in our guide 'What is a Distributed Ledger?', blockchains are an innovation in information registration and distribution. They are good for recording both static data (a registry) or dynamic data (transactions), making it an evolution in systems of record.Although I was aware of Bitcoin as a speculative small asset since around 2011, and knew someone who mined it on her computer back when that was possible (now it requires application-specific integrated circuits, due to heavy competition), I wrote my first article on cryptocurrencies back in November 2017, when the price was in the $6500-$8000 range. During the week or two writing and editing period, the price rose substantially in that big range. My conclusion at the time was neutral-to-bearish, and I didn’t buy any.bitcoin conference bitcoin cfd
форки ethereum bitcoin exe wikipedia ethereum bitcoin информация bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin миллионер
проекта ethereum clockworkmod tether amazon bitcoin monero алгоритм monero benchmark live bitcoin bitcoin habr instant bitcoin asrock bitcoin ethereum скачать tether download nubits cryptocurrency jax bitcoin ethereum developer cryptocurrency rates bitcoin обучение daily bitcoin bitcoin автоматически торги bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bonus bitcoin oil bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin
bitcoin сеть ethereum supernova vector bitcoin live bitcoin ethereum forks bitcoin etf bitcoin покупка escrow bitcoin top cryptocurrency вики bitcoin oil bitcoin
tracker bitcoin mercado bitcoin coffee bitcoin accept bitcoin казахстан bitcoin bitcoin betting london bitcoin While this has obvious advantages, it also means that, because novel smart contracts are less tested, there is a higher chance of vulnerabilities. Ethereum has already seen millions of dollars of losses from exploited vulnerabilities in smart contracts.Blockchain explained: benefits for large industries.bitcoin golden enterprise ethereum bitcoin конвертер Super securebitcoin converter stats ethereum скачать bitcoin
bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin knots bitcoin миллионеры
circle bitcoin bitcoin комиссия abi ethereum bitcoin today
ethereum пулы bitcoin сша
bitcoin автокран casper ethereum bitcoin список forex bitcoin monero dwarfpool bitcoin trading bitcoin продать trading bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin пополнить In September 2011, this method suggested that there were about 60,000 users.bitcoin msigna moon bitcoin cfd bitcoin monero node доходность ethereum cryptocurrency market 60 bitcoin tether верификация
магазин bitcoin trinity bitcoin
cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin talk
doubler bitcoin раздача bitcoin forum bitcoin адрес bitcoin bitcoin links асик ethereum аналоги bitcoin новые bitcoin
stealer bitcoin clame bitcoin monero free спекуляция bitcoin lealana bitcoin
pro100business bitcoin tera bitcoin bitcoin перспективы
майнить monero bitcoin tor
bitcoin сколько
bitcoin ethereum
россия bitcoin polkadot su neo cryptocurrency скачать tether bitcoin dogecoin курс bitcoin json bitcoin кошель bitcoin
Blockchain technology creates a record that can’t be changed without the agreement of the rest of the network. The blockchain concept is attributed to bitcoin’s founder, Satoshi Nakamoto. This concept has been the inspiration for other applications beyond digital cash and currency. A peer-to-peer networkbitcoin 10000 usd bitcoin bitcoin loan
japan bitcoin flypool ethereum casinos bitcoin torrent bitcoin bitcoin экспресс отдам bitcoin bitcoin clouding регистрация bitcoin bitcoin rub
space bitcoin coinmarketcap bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin asic cryptocurrency market bitcoin widget dollar bitcoin cgminer ethereum настройка ethereum forbot bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin транзакции bitcoin перевод pool monero autobot bitcoin bitcoin терминал ethereum charts трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin pro blockchain bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin download python bitcoin ethereum swarm earn bitcoin
dag ethereum bitcoin status sec bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция ethereum geth bitcoin blue bitcoin minecraft live bitcoin q bitcoin You can also earn up to 5% APY when you stake Tezos on Coinbase. Learn more about Tezos staking rewards.usdt tether bitcoin bounty
перспективы bitcoin xpub bitcoin coin bitcoin bitcoin valet is bitcoin hack bitcoin
прогнозы bitcoin monero майнить bitcoin blog
bitcoin instant bitcoin javascript bitcoin миллионеры dat bitcoin
конвертер ethereum rbc bitcoin bye bitcoin bitcoin hashrate bitcoin monkey bitcoin аналоги statistics bitcoin electrum bitcoin
group bitcoin bitcoin me создатель ethereum bitcoin mmgp ✓ Powered by the community — the fees are shared instead of going to a single point (i.e. a bank or PayPal);bitcoin alien ethereum получить bitcoin продать
акции bitcoin all bitcoin x bitcoin surf bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin best bitcoin конвертер
играть bitcoin bitcoin poker
1 monero flypool monero short bitcoin And if we see the genesis of gold’s monetary use – that it was nothing magical or arbitrary – gold simply had the best properties for exchange and was thus frequently bartered for, then it should not be a stretch to imagine that a commodity with even better properties might be an even better form of money.cryptocurrency reddit locals bitcoin 1 bitcoin As of late 2016, it can only process about seven transactions per second, and each transaction costs about $0.20 and can only store 80 bytes of data.wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin nyse This 'make your cryptocurrency' tutorial has gone through the technical and non-technical work you need to do to create a successful cryptocurrency via an ICO. But we keep going back to one key point. Your project will only succeed if you have a good idea! According to coinmarketcap, there are over 1,500 cryptocurrencies at the moment (03.15.18). To stand out, you need to have a strong purpose — you need a great solution to an important problem.As a decentralized store of value, it is most natural to consider Bitcoin's market size relative toWhat is blockchain?bitcoin обозреватель
bitcoin код
circle bitcoin Over Ethereum's 5 year history, the EVM has undergone several revisions, and there are several implementations of the EVM in various programming languages.Introductionfield bitcoin bitcoin вклады javascript bitcoin talk bitcoin bitcoin bbc bitcoin fpga
bitcoin символ bitcoin торрент skrill bitcoin 1 bitcoin The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for 'decentralized virtual currencies' such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (MSBs), that are subject to registration or other legal obligations.Litecoin (LTC) is one of the very first projects to copy and modify Bitcoin’s code and use it to launch a new cryptocurrency.future bitcoin Similarly, there are protocols like the Lightning Network and other smart contract concepts that are built on top of Bitcoin, which increase Bitcoin’s scalability. Lightning can perform tons of quick transactions between counterparties, and reconcile them with Bitcoin’s blockchain in one batch transaction. This reduces the fees and bandwidth limitations per small transaction.escrow bitcoin bitcoin аналоги bitcoin nonce ava bitcoin технология bitcoin swarm ethereum bitcoin darkcoin понятие bitcoin bitcoin это blue bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin hype bitcoin разделился delphi bitcoin bitcoin master ethereum com bitcoin stealer андроид bitcoin monero client bio bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin flapper
mercado bitcoin bitcoin криптовалюта ethereum contracts вложения bitcoin bitcoin зебра bitcoin 2020
monero nvidia bitcoin pools проверка bitcoin кошелька bitcoin The issue of voluntary organization and the power dynamics that result from it can result in the perception that specific people or groups are authorities, but this is an illusion of power.ethereum аналитика machines bitcoin ethereum контракт utxo bitcoin падение ethereum bitcoin gold bitcoin суть ethereum course bitcoin xbt surf bitcoin ethereum заработать bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin протокол matteo monero faucets bitcoin ethereum network
credit bitcoin bitcoin usd dogecoin bitcoin bitcoin telegram скрипт bitcoin
платформы ethereum coingecko ethereum ethereum supernova bank bitcoin ethereum стоимость консультации bitcoin bitcoin king bitcoin run
tether usdt kran bitcoin отзывы ethereum usd bitcoin bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin protocol bitcoin nodes вывод monero
value bitcoin 1 Ether = 180.89waves bitcoin кошелек bitcoin bitcoin server видеокарты ethereum bitcoin gadget виджет bitcoin withdraw bitcoin monero nvidia эпоха ethereum bitcoin information click bitcoin map bitcoin escrow bitcoin bitcoin иконка bitcoin вклады the ethereum bitcoin forecast bitcoin обменники bitcoin обмен ethereum accepts bitcoin фермы bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin eu bitcoin акции bitcoin atm bitcoin кредиты ethereum markets
bitcoin stock bitcoin foto bitcoin ann
bitcoin adress cryptocurrency wallets bitcoin school биржа bitcoin bitcoin flip seed bitcoin tether wifi ethereum node андроид bitcoin вложить bitcoin bitcoin gift bitcoin check ethereum forks bitcoin проект
The good news is: Solidity doesn’t have to be difficult to learn. It was designed to be similar to Python, JavaScript and C++ to make it easier to learn. Plus, we have our own interactive Solidity training course that teaches you the language by showing you how to create your Solidity game step by step. It’s a new, fun way to learn: it’s called Space Doggos.